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Irrigation is to supply water to the land or crops to help growth, usually through channels or artificial watering to the land to help crop production.

Irrigation methods: There are several irrigation methods. They differ in the way they supply water to plants. The goal is to spread the water on the plants as evenly as possible, so that each plant can get the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little.

Surface irrigation is the oldest form of irrigation and has been used for thousands of years. In surface (flood or horizontal basin) irrigation systems, water flows across the surface of farmland to wet the farmland and penetrate the soil.

Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow irrigation, sideband irrigation or pot irrigation and furrow irrigation. When irrigation causes flooding of cultivated land or is close to flooding, it is usually called flood irrigation. Historically, this is the most common method of irrigating farmland and is still used in most parts of the world.

The basin is a flat land area surrounded by low embankments. The dam prevents water from flowing to adjacent fields. Watershed irrigation is usually used for rice grown on flat land or hillside terraces. Trees (such as citrus, bananas) can also be planted in basins, one of which is usually located in the middle of a small basin.

Furrows are small channels that transport water down the slope between the crop rows. When water moves along the slope, the water seeps into the soil. Crops usually grow on ridges between furrows. This method is suitable for all cultivating crops and crops that cannot stand in the water for a long time.

In order to use the traditional breakthrough system to manage irrigation, farmers must open and close the dikes of the water delivery channels. This is the most common method of releasing water from the channel, but it can also be the most destructive method.

Not only is it difficult to control the flow, but it may cause severe erosion to river embankments. If there are other more controllable methods available, these methods should be used first.

The boundary is a long, sloping land separated by embankments. They are sometimes called border zones. Irrigation water can be transported to the border in a variety of ways: using small outlets or gates or opening the channel bank through siphons or pickets. The siphon is a small bend, which can transport water to the dike.

A pipe pile is a small pipe buried in a dike. A piece of water flows down the slope of the boundary, guided by the banks on both sides. When the required amount of water has been delivered to the boundary, the water flow is closed. However, if the water flow is stopped prematurely, there may not be enough water at the boundary to complete the remote irrigation.

If it is allowed to run for too long, water may flow out from the end of the boundary and be lost in the drainage system. Boundary irrigation is most suitable for larger mechanized farms because it is designed to produce uninterrupted fields over long distances to facilitate machine operation.

The border can be up to 800 m or longer, and the width can be up to 3 – 30 m, depending on various factors. The boundary slope should be uniform, with a minimum slope of 0.05% to provide adequate drainage, and a maximum slope of 2% to limit soil erosion.

It is preferably a deep homogeneous loam or clay with moderate permeability. On heavy clay soils, boundary irrigation may cause problems due to low permeability (basin irrigation is more suitable for these soil types). Dense crops such as pasture or alfalfa are preferred.

The disadvantages of horizontal irrigation are:

Micro-irrigation, sometimes called partial irrigation, low-volume irrigation, or drip irrigation is a system in which water is distributed through a pipe network in a predetermined pattern at low pressure and applied as a small flow to each plant or neighboring plants.

Traditional drip irrigation using a single dripper, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-sprinkler or micro-sprinkler irrigation, and micro-bubble irrigation all fall into this category.

Drip irrigation (or micro-irrigation), also known as drip irrigation, functions as the name suggests. In this system, water falls on the roots drop by drop. Water is transported drop by drop in or near the root zone of the plant.

This method is probably the most water-saving irrigation method, and if properly managed, it can minimize evaporation and runoff. If properly managed, the field water efficiency of drip irrigation is usually in the range of 80% to 90%.

In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with mulch to further reduce evaporation and is also a means of fertilization. This process is called fertilization

Disadvantages of drip irrigation:

It is an irrigation system in which water is distributed in the form of spray like natural rainfall. In this technique, water is pumped through a pipe system and then sprayed across the field

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Pakistan’s science and technology sector is still neglected; both at the government and public levels. Even in terms of development or criticism, there is no media to solve these problems. As we all know, as one of the main means for the public to pay attention to scientific and technological issues, the news media plays a vital role. For most people, the reality of science is what they experience through mass media channels. Good reports allow people to evaluate science policy issues and make rational personal choices; bad reports can mislead the public, who are increasingly influenced by science. The demand for science and technology newspapers has occurred, and the concept of the weekly (future daily) "Science and Technology Times" is also evolving.